The Hindenburg Disaster

The Hindenburg marked the beginning and the end of transatlantic airships. This 804-foot dirigible filled with over 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen was a crowning achievement of its age. Never before or since has a larger aircraft taken flight. However, the explosion of the Hindenburg changed the landscape for lighter-than-air crafts forever. The Hindenburg is Engulfed in Flames   On May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg carrying 61 crew and 36 passengers arrived hours behind schedule at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey. Inclement weather forced this delay. Buffeted by winds and rain, the craft hovered in the area by most accounts for about an hour. The presence of lightning storms were recorded. The landing of the Hindenburg with these types of conditions was against regulations. However, by the time the Hindenburg began its landing, the weather was clearing up. The Hindenburg seems to have been traveling at a fairly fast speed for its landing and for some reason, the Captain attempted a high landing, being winched to the ground from a height of about 200 feet. Soon after the mooring lines were set, some eyewitnesses reported a blue glow on top of the Hindenburg followed by a flame towards the tail section of the craft. The flame was almost simultaneously succeeded by an explosion that quickly engulfed the craft causing it to crash into the ground killing 36 p eople. Spectators watched in horror as passengers and crew were burned alive or jumped to their deaths. As Herb Morrison announced for the radio, Its burst into flames.... Get out of the way, please, oh my, this is terrible...Oh, the humanity and all the passengers. The day after this horrible tragedy occurred, the papers started speculating about the cause of the disaster. Up until this incident, the German Zeppelins had been safe and highly successful. Many theories were talked about and investigated: sabotage, mechanical failure, hydrogen explosions, lightning or even the possibility that it was shot from the sky. On the next page, discover the major theories of what happened on this fateful day in May.   The Commerce Department and the Navy led the investigations into the Hindenburg disaster. However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation also looked into the matter even though it technically had no jurisdiction. President FDR had asked all governmental agencies to cooperate in the investigation. The FBI files released about the incident through the Freedom of Information Act are available online. You must download Adobe Acrobat to read the files. Theories of Sabotage The theories of sabotage began to surface immediately. People believed that maybe the Hindenburg had been sabotaged to harm Hitlers Nazi regime. The sabotage theories centered on a bomb of some sort being placed aboard the Hindenburg and later detonated or some other sort of sabotage performed by someone on board. Commander Rosendahl of the Department of Commerce believed that sabotage was the culprit. (See p. 98 of Part I of the FBI documents.) According to a Memorandum to the Director of the FBI dated May 11, 1937, when Captain Anton Wittemann, the third in command of the Hindenburg, was questioned after the tragedy he said that Captain Max Pruss, Captain Ernst Lehmann and he had been warned of a possible incident. He was told by the FBI Special Agents not to speak of the warning to anyone. (See p. 80 of Part I of the FBI documents.) There is no indication that his claims were ever looked into, and no other evidence arose to support the idea of sabotage. Possible Mechanical Failure Some people pointed to a possible mechanical failure. Many of the ground crew later interviewed in the investigation indicated that the Hindenburg was coming in too fast. They believed that the airship was thrown into a full reverse to slow the craft. (See p. 43 of Part I of the FBI documents.) The speculation arose that this may have caused a mechanical failure which sparked a fire causing the hydrogen to explode. This theory is supported by the fire at the tail section of the craft but not much else. The Zeppelins had a great track record, and there is little other evidence to support this speculation. Was It Shot From the Sky?   The next theory, and probably the most outlandish, involves the dirigible being shot from the sky. The investigation focused on reports of a pair of tracks found near the back of the airfield in a restricted area. However, there were numerous people on hand to watch the amazing event of the Hindenburg landing so these footprints could have been made by anyone. In fact, the Navy had caught a couple of boys who had sneaked into the airfield from that direction. There were also reports of farmers shooting at other dirigibles because they passed over their farms. Some people even claimed that joy seekers shot down the Hindenburg. (See p. 80 of Part I of the FBI documents.) Most people dismissed these accusations as nonsense, and the formal investigation never substantiated the theory that the Hindenburg was shot from the sky. Hydrogen and the Hindenburg Explosion The theory that gained the most popularity and became the most widely accepted involved the hydrogen on the Hindenburg. Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas, and most people believed that something caused the hydrogen to spark, thus causing the explosion and fire. At the beginning of the investigation, the idea arose that the drop lines carried static electricity back up to the airship which caused the explosion. However, the chief of the ground crew denied this claim by the fact that the mooring lines were not conductors of static electricity. (See p. 39 of Part I of the FBI documents.) More credible was the idea that the blue arc seen at the tail of the airship just before it burst into flames was lightning and caused the detonation of the hydrogen. This theory was substantiated by the presence of the lightning storms reported in the area. The hydrogen explosion theory became accepted as the reason for the explosion and led to the end of commercial lighter-than-air flight and the stalling of hydrogen as a reliable fuel. Many people pointed to the flammability of the hydrogen and questioned why helium was not used in the craft. It is interesting to note that a similar event happened to a helium dirigible the year before. So what really caused the end of the Hindenburg? Addison Bain, a retired NASA engineer and hydrogen expert, believes he has the correct answer. He states that while hydrogen might have contributed to the fire, it was not the culprit. To prove this, he points to several pieces of evidence: The Hindenburg did not explode but burned in numerous directions.The airship remained afloat for several seconds after the fire began. Some people report it did not crash for 32 seconds.Fabric pieces fell to the ground on fire.The fire was not characteristic of a hydrogen fire. In fact, hydrogen makes no visible flames.There were no reported leaks; the hydrogen was laced with garlic to give off an odor for easy detection. After years of exhaustive traveling and research, Bain uncovered what he believes is the answer to the Hindenburg mystery. His research shows that the Hindenburgs skin was covered with the extremely flammable cellulose nitrate or cellulose acetate, added to help with rigidity and aerodynamics. The skin was also coated with flecks of aluminum, a component of rocket fuel, to reflect sunlight and keep the hydrogen from heating and expanding. It had the further benefit of combating wear and tear from the elements. Bain claims these substances, although necessary at the time of construction, directly led to the disaster of the Hindenburg. The substances caught fire from an electric spark that caused the skin to burn. At this point, the hydrogen became the fuel to the already existing fire. Therefore, the real culprit was the skin of the dirigible. The ironic point to this story is that the German Zeppelin makers knew this back in 1937. A handwritten letter in the Zeppelin Archive states, The actual cause of the fire was the extreme easy flammability of the covering material brought about by discharges of an electrostatic nature.

Customer Relationships And Value Of Marketing - 1782 Words

Organizations can build strong customer relationships and value through marketing, and the success of marketing relies on satisfying the customers’ wants and needs by providing them with the best price, product, or service. The American Marketing Association defines marketing as, â€Å"The activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.† This exchange between customers and a business forms a relationship; a healthy consumer/marketer relationship improves value for both the marketer and consumer (Babin, pg 322). So what exactly is the definition of value? â€Å"Value is the relationship of a firm’s market offering and price weighed by the consumer against its competitor’s market offering and price† (Kothandaraman, 2001). Value is in the eye of the customer, which ultimately makes them the value source. Customers want s and needs determines the features and characteristics of products and their value. With business markets, the interdependent relationship between the buyer and the seller can be seen as the source of value creation (Ehret, 2004). Value Creation is â€Å"The evolution of cooperative buyer– seller relationships in the realm of business-to-business markets, In business markets, it became apparent early on that cooperative buyer – seller relationships can be the source of value creation† (Ehret, 2004) Value Creation is based off of customerShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Marketing And Customer Value1525 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper aims to explain the relationship between marketing and customer value and their relevance when promoting and ensuring customer satisfaction. It will discuss marketing as a business philosophy and its importance in organisations. The concept of customer value will also be examined and its significance to the success of a product . 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(2007) describe as marketing emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, it embraced the goods-dominant (G-D) logic. The concept of the Four Ps of marketing mix – product, price, place and promotion became treated as the basic model at that time. (Grà ¶nroos, 1989) Today, this paradigm is beginning to lose its position. Service marketing is one leading new approach to marketing. Four main characteristics of services defined by Kotler et al. (2009) are intangible, perishableRead MoreThe Importance of Marketing1341 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing helps the business to develop a strong brand, inform the customers about new products or services, influence consumers in some way to buy specific products, assist with sales and provide up-selling services. American Marketing Association (AMA) describes marketing as the set of actions and processes within the company that generate, communicate and deliver offers that have some sort of value for the customers and the general public (link to source). Dr. Philip Kotler provides another descriptionRead MoreThe 2201 Principles Of Marketing Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTITLE:THE FIVE â€Å"I†S OF ONE-TO-ONE MARKETING AUTHOR: STUDENT: BUS 2201-PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING Introduction This paper discusses the key elements of the Five â€Å"I†s of One- to- One Marketing which is essential in today’s rapidly changing and highly competitive world. Changing lifestyles, preferences and more demand for value by consumers in this highly competitive world advanced by technological innovations, demands marketers to craft marketing strategies that will keep their

Describe with Examples the Kind of Influences free essay sample

Describe with examples the kinds of influences that effect children and young people’s development. While children are influenced by many things, there are no stronger influences that that of their parents as they are usually their child’s first playmates and while the world expands with each passing year, parental influence is still one of the greatest factors in determining the ways in which a child will grow and develop. Background. Naturally parents will want to see their children do well. Sometimes though in an effort to keep their children safe parents inadvertently hold their children back from exploring the world around them, lessening their chances to learn and progress. While it is understandable to want to shelter children from harm, parents who are over protective can sometimes limit their child’s potential. Ideally children should be given increasing amounts of freedom as they grow older and mature, allowing them to gradually learn new things and meet new people which in turn increases their physical, emotional and social development. However there are many examples of the kind of influences that affect children and young people’s development, parents going through a marriage breakdown, separation and divorce proceedings can be very traumatic for a child. Children of one parent families may suffer as a single parent may not work or conversely work long hours, leaving the child with little support and open to bullying, or possibly no male role model to look up too. Children may become part of a step family, where a new partners may have children of their own from a previous relationship.This could lead to conflict or friction between the children and unhappiness for the child being picked on, leading to low self esteem, lack of confidence in their own abilities. A parents attitude towards education and standards of education can have a detrimental effect on a child’s development. If the parents had a bad experience of the education system themselves, have no qualifications or little or no aspirations to work, this sets a negative example to the child and the child may not apply themselves and fall into a similar cycle to their parents.Children who come from a lower social economic background are more likely to be in poverty themselves. This can lead to lower expectations of the child from both parents and also the education system, leaving them little or no hope of getting out of poverty even though they may have the ability to do so. For many children who come from a looked after care status, moving around from home to home can lead to many negative issues such as low self esteem, lack of self respect, increased levels of truancy as they feel not wanted or that they don’t belong.Children in a looked after care status may be l ooked after by grandparents. Lack of money for pensioners may lead to little or no activities for the child and they may not be able to go out to play, have few friends or be bullied by their peers, much depends on their grandparents age and also their ability to be able to encourage and promote activities with the child. Health. Parents who eat well and are physically active provide great examples for growing children, offering them a nutritious diet rich in vitamins and minerals provides them with the necessary nutrients to support healthy growth and development.Additionally encouraging active play and incorporating physical activities into daily life will help children build muscular mass and increase coordination and develop self confidence. While young children have a tendency to run around and play, older children are likely to develop habits similar to those of their parents. If for no other reason than to install good habits to their children parents should make every effort to sustain an active and healthy lifestyle.However a child with a prolonged illness that leads to hospitalisation and prolonged treatment may suffer development problems, by not being able to do everything that their peers are able to do. This and missing out on school can see a child a long way behind in the curriculum and unable to catch up the work as children all develop at different speeds. A child that struggles at school and has not been identified as having any specific needs could suffer from depression thus affecting that child’s development. Environment. Poor housing is another factor that affects healthy holistic development. Low income families are more likely to live in homes which are damp and or unheated, this increases dramatically the risk or infection, particularly respiratory illnesses. Neighbourhoods that are densely populated with few communal areas and amenities are negative, children without access to a safe garden or playing area may suffer emotional and social problems .Overcrowded conditions or homeless families that are housed in bed and breakfast accommodation or hotels often have poor or no access to cooking facilities and may have to share a bathroom with several other families, often the children’s education is badly disrupted when moving from place to place. Children can also fall foul and have their development affected if th ey have inappropriate role models outside the home, Leading to a child making the wrong life choices and often ending up involved in drugs or crime, which can affect their whole life.

Labour Wage Rate

Introduction The labor market is characterized by wage rate differentials. There exists more than one labor market since firms require different types of labor for different jobs and this implies that the demand and supply for labor is different for specific labor time. The wages paid to employees also vary with the labor service provided.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Wage Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If all the firms wanted the same labor, then a common labor market would exist, however, there are variations in labor needs of the firms and employees want different jobs in different firms. These factors have led to payment of different wage rates. This papers seeks to explain the reasons for differences in wage rates and their implication Factors Responsible For Wage Differential There are various factors responsible for different wage rates as explained below. Compensating wage differentials N ot all jobs or occupations are the same and the degree or level of risk or injury involved is different in both nature and magnitude. For example, considering the level of risk associated with an occupation such as electrical engineering and teaching is different, an electrical engineer is more prone to death risk as compared to a teacher. However, more often than not, the engineer is paid higher wage to compensate for the risk involved as compared to the teacher. Compensating wage rates are normally applied if the degree of risk associated with the occupation is high or if working conditions are poor. The implication is that there is a tendency for people to want to venture in occupations associated with high risk and even work in poor conditions in pursuit of the additional income that come with such offers. Competition Competition both within the industry and among employees has also contributed to difference in wage rates. Competition within and across industries is important to the issue at hand since it has led to a distinction between successful and unsuccessful. Successful firms, regardless of their size are able to pay better and higher wages than the unsuccessful ones. The issue here lies in the ability of a firm to pay. It is therefore possible that two or more businesses in the same industry and dealing with identical nature of goods and services will pay different wages to their employees depending ion a firms ability to pay.Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competition among employees has also become a very important factor in that. employee performance appraisal is used to determine additional benefits to employees. An employee achievements and efforts are evaluated and then additional benefits are given or rewarded by the organization to serve as an incentive[1]. Employee productivity Difference in wage rates can also be explained by the value add ed by an employee. This is especially true in the manufacturing industries where value addition is important at every stage of production. For better understanding of this concept, value addition is defined as the contribution by factors of production to the value of the final product. Amount of labor required in production varies with the type of industry. For example, in a cloth-manufacturing firm, the value added by labor is lower than value added by labor in a paper manufacturing industry. The challenge lies in differentiating the actual value added by labor and that added by use of machines since in most cases, the two go hand in hand. Sometimes, employees work as a team and it is difficult to measure the exact value added by each employee to the final product. The implication is that active employees may feel demoralized and lack the incentive to work hard and give their best and this may detrimental to the overall performance of the organization[2]. The role of trade unions c annot be ignored in creating wage differentials. Most of the highly paid employees have trade unions that bargains or negotiates with employers for salary increment. More often than not, such bargains bear fruits. On the contrary, poorly paid employees are not even able to form trade unions that can act as their voice in bargaining for better pay. This implies that the poorly paid will continue to receive such pays since their bargaining power is weak. Skills Nature or characteristics of the employment and formal education required for the job. This aspect cannot be explored fully without considering individuals socialization. Socialization in this context focuses on individual’s ambitions, self-motivation, and their willingness to adhere to the authority structures in place at that time. Productive socialization is normally associated with attainment of certified qualification such as a degree or having a good work experience record. Socialization of an individual therefore plays a part to difference in occupation wage rates through cost differentials. This can be explained further in that there are different job entry levels in almost all occupations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Wage Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A fresh graduate from school with no previous experience cannot be paid the same amount as a graduate with experience for the same job. This is because the latter has an additional advantage in that he requires less training. In addition, if an employer is interested in a candidate with both formal and practical experience, the costs associated with search for such a candidate are higher as compared to getting a fresh graduate since in the former a more porous screening process is applied hence increasing the costs. From the discussion on socialization, it can be argued out that occupation requiring less formal or academic training and less experience t end to have lower average wage rate as compared to those that requires higher formal academic qualifications and experience. Gender and Race Another cause for differential in wage rate that does not reflect the skills and abilities of a person in performing a job is race and gender. The question rotates around socialization since a certain race may be perceived to have negative socialization. The implication is that before an employer gets to higher them, a thorough screening process will be employed and as if that is not enough, the employer will see to it that such employees are monitored and supervised. This in return increases the costs to the organization and in order to recover for such costs or minimize them, lower average wage rates are applied as compared to those from a race perceived to have positive socialization. The implication of wage differential is that the employees who are underpaid will tent to be less productive. Gender has also been a base for wage differential and with special regard to women of childbearing age and the traditional perception of their role. There is a preconceived idea that occupations in which women work tend to have a high turnover rate due to the time they take in maternity leaves and their inability to work for long hours since they have other family responsibilities. The implication is that such cost is borne by all the women across occupations leading to lower wage rate[3]. Table Showing Differences in Wage Rates Average full time wages paid per week (pounds). Gender Solicitors Accountants Teachers Nurses Sales Assistants Waiters and Waitresses All Male 800 620 520 410 250 190 430 Female 650 520 470 380 190 180 320 Graph Showing Wage Differentials between Occupations Advertising Looking for essay on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/labourmarket/pay_differences.htm Wage Differentials in the Manufacturing Sector To some extent, the wage differentials in the manufacturing industries are justified. This is because there are different departments and different processing stages and the skills required are different. For example, there is need for unskilled labor to do those jobs that are not skill intensive, on the other hand, qualified personnel is required to perform the profession job. Therefore, the firm must be able to cater for all those labor expenses without passing a heavy burden on the consumer. If the consumers are overburdened, the firm may be faced out by competition. In the manufacturing sectors, there is heavy capital investment on machines and technology that require special expertise and pose a great risk to the operators. Such employees will need an incentive to make them have the will to venture into such risky operations. If the market forces o f demand and supply continue to operate in determining the wages, then wage differentials will persist. This is because, it is difficult for the labor market to clear i.e. have supply equal demand. There will be increased and unskilled labor supply and the demand for the same will apply. However, employers are interested in the marginal revenue product and will only employ it the marginal revenue product equals the marginal cost. With continued improved technology and better training facilities, the earnings of the skilled labor will continue and vice versa is true for the unskilled ceteris paribus. Trends in Income Distribution and Wage Rates From the study, it can be concluded that unequal distribution of income will continue to exist in the society with urban areas being in a better position as compared to the rural areas. This is because, most people prefer migrating to urban areas in search for better paying jobs since most industries and firms that can offer that are located i n the urban areas. Unless policies are implemented and incentives for delocalization are given, it will be difficult to achieve equality in income distribution. Difference in wage rates cannot be eliminated since it is not possible to pay common wages to all people since the nature of job and their requirements are different. It is possible that the gap between the highest and lowest paid employee will continue to expand. Conclusion Different occupations gave different wage rates since their requirements are also different and varied. Most employers pay wages based on the marginal revenue product gained from labor services offered and it should be equal to the marginal cost. Various factors such as difference in skills, competition, trade unions, nature of job and poor working conditions have accounted for the wage differentials. Bibliography Gleicher, D. L. Stevans, A classical approach to occupational wage rates, Greenwood Publishing Group, CA, 1991, retrieved https://books.google .com/books?id=krLLwGDgqlICpg=PA89dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=JLjCTKL0EI6N4gbP7fS5Awsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false. Gottschalk, P., B. Gustafsson and E. Palmer, Changing patterns in the distribution of economic welfare: an international perspective, Cambridge University Press, NY, 1997, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbOIAW6F4Cpg=PA124dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=ttDCTJmcHtfPjAebn_W6BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false. Holley, W., K. M. Jennings and R. S. Wolters, The Labor Relations Process. Cengage Learning, NY, 2008, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=2Kx_qc0HOQoCpg=PA292dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=udjCTMufF4a6jAe3yc26BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageqf=false. Footnotes P Gottschalk, B Gustafsson and E Palmer, Changing patterns in the distribution of economic welfare: an international perspective, Cambridge University Press, NY, 1997, 124, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbOIAW6F4Cpg=PA124dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=ttDCTJmcHtfPjAebn_W6BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false. W Holley, K M Jennings and R S Wolters, The Labor Relations Process. Cengage Learning, NY, 2008, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=2Kx_qc0HOQoCpg=PA292dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=udjCTMufF4a6jAe3yc26BQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepageqf=false. D. Gleicher and L. Stevans, A classical approach to occupational wage rates, Greenwood Publishing Group, CA, 1991, p. 89, retrieved https://books.google.com/books?id=krLLwGDgqlICpg=PA89dq=reasons+behind+the+wage-rate+differentials+and+implicationshl=enei=JLjCTKL0EI6N4gbP7fS5Awsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepa geqf=false. This essay on Labour Wage Rate was written and submitted by user Max1m1l1an0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.